Which type of encryption algorithm uses the different but related keys to encrypt and decrypt data?

Symmetric encryption uses the same single key for both encryption and decryption, not different keys.

Diffie-Hellman is a key exchange protocol for establishing a shared secret, not an asymmetric encryption algorithm used to encrypt and decrypt messages directly.

Asymmetric encryption algorithms, such as RSA and ECC, use a public key for encryption and a separate but mathematically linked private key for decryption. This key pair relationship eliminates the need to share a secret key in advance, solving the key distribution problem inherent in symmetric encryption.

Dodecaphonic is a music composition term and has no meaning or application in the field of cryptography.