Which plane is centralized by an SON controller?

The management plane handles network monitoring, configuration, and troubleshooting; while the controller contributes to management, its primary centralization function is for the control plane.

An SDN controller centralizes the control plane, which is responsible for determining how data packets are forwarded through the network, allowing for programmable and dynamic network management.

The data plane (or forwarding plane) is where actual user data packets are forwarded based on rules from the control plane, but it is distributed across network devices, not centralized by the controller.

The term 'services-plane' is not a standard network plane (data, control, management) recognized in the context of network architecture like SDN.