Your database is running in ARCHIVELOG mode. You want to take a consistent whole database backup. Which two statements are true in this scenario?

A user-managed backup, specifically a consistent backup, involves copying data files which primarily contain formatted data blocks and metadata, typically distinct from redo logs or control files unless explicitly copied.

For a consistent user-managed backup in ARCHIVELOG mode, the database must be in MOUNT state or SHUTDOWN (CLOSED) state to guarantee consistency, but it's not strictly required to be shut down if using RMAN hot backup.

An RMAN backup of the whole database typically includes data files, control files, and server parameter files (SPFILE), not just data files.

In ARCHIVELOG mode, Oracle's Recovery Manager (RMAN) can perform hot backups (consistent backups) while the database is open and users are actively using it, ensuring data integrity through archived redo logs.

While RMAN can perform backups in MOUNT state, it can also perform consistent backups in ARCHIVELOG mode when the database is OPEN, which is a more common and flexible approach.