Which two statements are true about checkpointing? (Choose two.)

Checkpoint frequency INCREASES with smaller redo log files because each log switch triggers an incremental checkpoint, so smaller logs cause more frequent log switches and thus more frequent checkpoints.

During a normal (clean) shutdown, Oracle performs a full checkpoint that directs the Database Writer (DBWn) to flush all dirty buffers from the buffer cache to the data files, ensuring all committed transactions are persisted and the database is in a consistent state.

A full checkpoint forces DBWn to write every dirty block in the buffer cache to disk simultaneously, generating a large spike in I/O; when full checkpoints occur too frequently, this sustained high I/O load reduces overall database throughput.

The CKPT process updates the control file and data file headers with checkpoint information, but it is the DBWn (Database Writer) background process that physically writes dirty data blocks to the data files.