Which is a limiting factor when using the body mass index (BMI) to determine obesity and disease risk?

Computing body density first is a prerequisite of hydrostatic weighing, a separate body composition method entirely unrelated to BMI, which requires only height and weight.

Measuring skinfold thicknesses is the prerequisite for the skinfold caliper method of body composition assessment, not BMI calculation.

BMI does not differentiate fat and lean tissue weights - that inability is actually the core limitation of the method, not something the method achieves, making this statement factually inverted.

BMI overestimates body fat and disease risk in individuals with above-average muscle mass because it cannot distinguish lean muscle tissue from adipose tissue; a muscular athlete may register as overweight or obese by BMI despite having very low body fat percentage. This inability to differentiate tissue type is a primary recognized limitation of BMI as a body composition and disease risk assessment tool.